Theory of everything

Einstein died frustrated. He passionately sought to find a "Grand Unified Theory"; a theory of everything; a simple formula which would explain the whole universe. At the height of his enthusiasm for the search, he pompously and prematurely said that science would soon have no need for experiments because maths would provide all the answers. He failed to see that a theory of all things requires a prior knowledge of how they work and this was absent; the spadework had not been done. Gravity's abject inability to explain something as fundamental as how galaxies are made and function had been ignored. A set of assumptions had been made about stars and the Sun which fell well short of a convincing picture. He died after thirty fruitless years of searching. It was to have been a gravity-based theory, but being a theorist meant that his imagination set the limits and the real universe evaded him and all the other theorists. His major blunder though was to exclude electricity with its sheer power and constructional ability from his cosmic calculations.

The supremely ambitious aim of devising a "grand unified theory" of the universe probably first saw daylight after the unification of the forces of electricity and magnetism by means of Maxwell's equations. The expectation was that all forces could similarly be joined but little attention was paid to the prior practical contribution made by Faraday. Without his experiments no equations would have been possible. Gravity, it was assumed, would somehow slot in, but it didn't and it still hasn't.

To be fair, radio telescopes later revealed far more than was available to him at the time, but there were, nonetheless, strong pointers to the right route, which he should have been able to pick up on. A good deal of the spadework which extended Faraday's, he chose to ignore. It is unlikely that he was unaware of it all. Kristian Birkeland for instance, in 1900, and Hannes Alfven and Charles Bruce later in the twentieth century, demonstrated the role of electrified gas in space, leading to the identification of portentous, fractal and quantum effects. Even now, despite these strong incentives to fresh thinking, professional cosmologists have chosen to avoid them and slavishly follow in Einstein's tracks. Cosmology is still crippled.

My unlooked for GUT evolved spontaneously after putting together a theory of how everything works and is made. It does not unify the forces, as Einstein would have wished (gravity is still isolated), but it does show a powerful and predictive unity between electrical, quantum and fractal processes through the Lorenz force.

It applies, for example, to the particles in the plasmoid ejections of galaxies and nebulae, in a balance of electrostatic and electromagnetic forces to form their spiral arms. See the above image. Their ultimate flat mesh structure suggests that growth has proceeded by a series of sideways loop formations reminiscent of living cell growth, which is to be found universally.

This hypothesized universal flatness is not merely an explanation of things cosmic; it has ramifications for research in other sciences and it is the death-knell of conventional cosmology. Pastry cooks and goldsmiths well know that any flattening process requires technique and lots of effort. Gravity is feeble and capable only of making clumps. It is a long way from being acceptable as a candidate for the role of prime mover.

The overall picture is that plasma spirals are the mainstay of the structure of the cosmos. They comprise a hierarchy ranging in size from super-clusters, clusters and galaxies, through nebulae, down to meteors and even down to the atomic and molecular; biological included. Not only do these provide the structure, they also collectively supply the electrical energy to power the whole; immensely powerful compared to gravity. X-ray pictures have shown the spiral arms of galaxies to be complete re-entrant loops: fascinating figures of "8"; closed electrical circuits. By rotating in the ambient magnetic field, these generate an alternating current which energizes virtuoso performances with just a few unique talents, in partnership with gases in plasma form. Consisting as they do of non-rigid plasma loops, current output is not steady; nor is it predictable. Output is lowest and steadiest (but not zero), when the rotor and magnetic field are accurately orthogonal and concentric. Any deviation improves efficiency dramatically, so fractal galactic wobbles can be expected to produce results from the sedate to pyrotechnic, hence the flares of supernovae. Note also that there is good reason to think that this involves fractal and quantized behaviour.

Of course there has to be a grid system to distribute the energy so generated, which takes the form of plasma filaments threading galaxy walls. Nowhere and nothing is unconnected.

In 1798 William Herschel's telescope observations led him to the conclusion that a "stratum" of "nebulae" stretches away from us into space. His flat "strip" is now identified as a plasma mesh dotted with spirals: the "local group of galaxies" (we are now able to separate them into nebulae and galaxies). His was the first empirically-derived pointer to cosmic order and structure, but even a century later, theorists ignored his work and capriciously assumed formlessness and randomness.

Reference has been made to the novel, even esoteric, notion of the universe's habitual flatness. In our parochial fashion we take for granted our living in a three dimensional setting, but the bigger picture, we are assured is that space-time has four. To upset both these apple carts, data from NASA's cosmic background radiation probe has been reinterpreted (in the 1990s), by Professors Petronero and Labini at Rome University. They found a tendency to universal flatness, after wave analysis. They calculated a universal fractal dimension of 2.1; not a four dimensional habit note, not three, but two, or more accurately, two-ish. Conventional science they dismissed as misguided: reasoning that what you look for, you find.

So the blueprint is formidable; it requires everything in the cosmos, from the largest to the tiniest, to fall into this "flattish" category. It even requires the Sun's conformity too in spite of its apparent disinclination to do so. But looks are deceptive; the unthinkable is there to be found, just waiting for us to look and see. The Sun and all other stars are oblate! Achenar, a massive star, is grossly so, being one and a half times wider than its height. So here is the clue: it looks more like an elliptical galaxy than our Sun. Confinement of sunspot activity to low latitudes is another indicator, as is the flat spiral path of the Solar wind. A flat sun explains far more than a round one. As an electricity generator it is slowed as its angular momentum is converted into current (like the regenerative braking of electric cars). So the Sun's hitherto inexplicable slow rotation loses its mystery.

In short there is good reason to ascribe a habitual shape to all objects in space, including the Sun. They tend to flattish spirality and tranquility but not all of the time: periods of fractal frenzy occur because they are capricious generators, or more accurately alternators.

Deviation from the flat is not a rare happening; it is a second but not a secondary product of the Lorenz force. Thin helical and collimated jets of ionised particles and ionised gas are brought about by the same force as propels sideways ejections. It appears to be a temporary and energy-expensive enterprise, but by no means wasteful.

On the contrary it is an essential phase in the formation of galaxy walls at the top end of the range and of chromosomes at the bottom. To illustrate, any charged particle travelling parallel to the axis of a magnetic field is constrained to a helical path by a balance of two forces, centrifugal and Lorentz. Resultant jets have quantised characteristics and long ballistic throws, as in Seyfert galaxies. Lateral plasma ejection is transformed by an initial forward momentum into a helical exit path. The two modes are shown in the diagram below.

Twin sources of such particles, as in galactic nuclei, are so moulded by the scale-invariable Lorentz force into a family of twisting columns, from microscopic to immense. The size range encompasses a typical fractal hierarchy, engendered by an iterative process, employing electrical feedback in a manner which has long been well understood in the laboratory, but which has never been seen as applying to cosmology or to genetics. The dual helix and genetic cross-links of chromosomes (diagram below left) are thus mimicked in space by the huge DNA Nebula (below right).

Chromosome Section Model

Doubly Helical 'DNA' Nebula

Even larger cosmic counterparts, variously known as Herbig-Haro objects and Seyfert galaxies are numerous. The biggest are the jets from galaxy M87 which look as if they may be long enough to bridge the voids between pairs of galaxy walls. The similarities are thus also operational and not merely morphological. To illustrate, human chromosomes are fractally graded in size, recalling too, the octal ranking of the chemical elements.

Image courtesy Sally Ingram. [ quantumlifescience.org ]

The whole genome comprises 24 doubly helical chromosomes each with rung-like genes. When divided at their 'nodes' and sorted by size they yield two hierarchies: one of 43 half units (above left) and a second of five halves of condensed nucleotides, (above right) derived from chromosomes #13, #14, #15, #21 and #22. Hence we have a quantized series engendered by the familiar Lorenz force, through the resonance of the universal fractal process.

eCarinae

Schrodinger atom

Both versions of the force and the size range of its operation are nicely illustrated in the making of planetary nebula eta Carinae (above left) which bears much more than a passing resemblance to Schrodinger's model (above right) of an atom, 4f m=0; a mimicry explicable only in terms of a common mode of manufacture, albeit at vastly different scale.

Initiating new galaxy walls/Seyfert galaxies

Plasma jets have quantised characteristics and are capable of long ballistic throws as in Seyfert galaxies: on the large scale making the long plumes of Seyfert galaxies (below right) and then perhaps initiating new galaxy walls. See left.

Once the concept of a single quantised, resonant, electro-magnetic process, is grasped, the fractal nature of the universe follows logically, explaining otherwise imponderable cosmic features.

Since the early twentieth century more workers, including many with an electronic or electrical engineering background have pondered the activities of plasma in space but even impartial workers remain strangely blinkered where electricity in space is concerned. The blindness afflicted even Fred Hoyle. He reported, with long astronomical experience, his inspired conception of a vital, living organism, the interconnected and self-renewing universe. He repudiated the arbitrary idea of a dying system, doomed to entropic oblivion, but he failed to make the crucial leap. He fell short of identifying in all this, the necessary driving force: the power and subtlety of electricity. Bernard Lovell and his Russian colleague, Iosip Shklovsky on the basis of an accidentally observed mass ejection from the Sun, agreed that some super-force must be operational in space but, like Hoyle, they never made the connection with electricity, or if they did they kept quiet about it. Scientists especially face a fearsome mental obstacle: to embrace the electric model, one has to contemplate the redundancy of much of almost a century’s scientific ideology, its institutions, its teaching, its text books and its professors. No wonder there is widespread resistance to change, conscious or otherwise.

And it's not so easy for the layman to change either. Much work is involved. Anybody who is looking here for a nice comfy, down-to-earth cosmology won't find it, but neither will they have foisted on them another version of that simplistic theory of random vagueness, propped up with contrivances and capable of predicting nothing. Instead you are asked to examine a conception, albeit one amateur's conception, of a universe, based on analysis of professional telescope images from space. It uses well-understood electrical science to identify what makes controls and recycles everything. No myths, no concoctions such as dark matter, no dark energy or black holes; just deduction from observation.

As always, new technology is forcing new perspectives and the insights of the pioneers are at last being given a new airing. Old cherished notions are reluctantly abandoned and only when a more attractive one is to hand. Slowly but surely this is just what is beginning to happen. Rapid progress is hardly to be expected; understanding the complex, and some would say, grotesque, nature of this proposed electrical universe demands a formidable breadth of knowledge, beyond that necessary to date. Grasping the cosmological applicability of fractal geometry is daunting enough; for some, the leap it is too far. That electricity, not gravity is the all-powerful creative agency is too far-fetched, but the evidence is piling up which defies explanation by any other means:

Earth's Auroras are fuelled by the solar wind, a powerful plasma flow from the Sun.
The Sun has a similar plasma input to its own north pole from space; the planets are similarly "wired up".
Galaxies, nebulae etc and even Earth periodically blow out great blobs of electrified gas into space.
The Sun's flat spiral solar wind consists of plasma.
Many spiral heavenly bodies resemble high-voltage welding arcs at centre.
They radiate wide-spectrum electromagnetic (radio) energy.
They are fairly accurately periodic.
Comets emit x-rays.
Our own Milky Way's central magnetic layout, in Sagittarius A, has been described as resembling "a dynamo".
Planets have magnetic fields proportional to their rotational speeds.
The largest craters on planets and moons are at or near the magnetic poles, recalling plasma scarring.
Ribbons and flat nets of electrified gas extend across huge distances in space without apparent end.

All this electrification occurs amidst universal order:

Solar systems are flat and spiral.
Flat spiral galaxies are made from stacks of progressively smaller plasma spirals.
Galaxies are mostly grouped in flat spiral clusters.
Galaxy clusters form evenly-spaced galaxy layers (walls).

All of these are explicable in terms of electrical theory and not otherwise; the indications are that the universe runs on electricity.

Considering the length of time that radio telescopes have been detecting and plotting massive electrical activity everywhere in space, it is time for a reappraisal of its powers.

No hint has been ventured, so far as I am aware, of a gravitational way of making the plasmoid ejections and plasma loop formation which engender galaxy arms. Nor is there any explanation of how helical chromosomes and certain spatial bodies come to so closely resemble each other in such fine detail. Both are explicable only in terms of electro-magnetics, fractal geometry, and quantum electrodynamics. Quantum physics features critically in cosmic morphology though hitherto it has largely been confined to particle physics. Physicists tend to regard it as their exclusive province: the world of the very small, but astronomical observation says different. The release of energy in packets is what it's all about. It routinely controls operations in space and up to colossal sizes. Indeed if it did not, we would not have any galaxy walls, galaxy clusters, galaxies or smaller. The fact that galaxies are composed of spirals stacked within successive spirals is apparent from the image analysis of a number of barred spirals. www.fractaluniverse.org.

The identification of a "miniature spiral" at the centre of the Milky Way carries the likelihood that they go all-the-way-down, and in more, or even all galaxies. Nothing could be more loaded with meaning. It hints at a quantized growth process; the superposition of plasma loops in stages. It explains the existence of a fractal hierarchy of plasma loops/spirals. And, most importantly, it scotches the contention that the distribution of matter in the universe is random.

The predictive abilities of quantum mechanics and electrodynamics are rightly much valued. The periodic table of elements and how and why chemical reactions occur, is just one area which has benefited, indeed most branches of science would be worse off without one or the other. Perhaps the most intriguing of all, is the connection between genes and galaxies. They might differ greatly in size, in composition and in the media they inhabit (space is not at all like the aqueous medium of cells) but in morphology they are very alike. There is but one explanation: they are made by a similar process and a process which involves quantization as an essential ingredient. Granted the one involves electrophoresis and the other electrodynamics but the Lorenz force ensures that the end products are recognizably out of the same stable.

No other description of the universe, I maintain, explains so much so comprehensively, or points the way to so many lines of research: for instance there are hints of a means to nuclear fusion by imitating the method of galaxies, and to a non-intrusive treatment for cancer via magnetic apoptosis. In short, we have here, what is to be expected of a Grand Unified Theory; one concept defining the whole universe.

Obviously a whole cosmology can only be portrayed in broad outline in a single article, even if complete, which it is not. Aspects and ramifications not included so far include implications, for the non-invasive treatment of cancers, the elucidation of the behaviour of Bose- Einstein condensates and of atomic and sub-atomic structure. Are electrons, protons, neutrons and the rest spiral? Do tiny spirals go down and down ad infinitum?

It is hoped that the reader may find here the incentive to explore further. The technology described extends down to the sub-atomic and it is hence of fundamental importance to the whole of science, not just to cosmology or physics. It shows how a natural galactic process generates electricity by employing ionized gas as its "wiring" and occasionally engenders nuclear fusion. There is enough reason to think that Nature might profitably be emulated and that it would be folly not to try.

Herewith a "theory of everything", enough, I hope, to delight the shade of Douglas Adams.

Colin Hill March 2010